{"id":33033,"date":"2024-07-10T09:37:52","date_gmt":"2024-07-10T07:37:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/origins\/"},"modified":"2025-09-23T20:58:52","modified_gmt":"2025-09-23T18:58:52","slug":"origins","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/origins\/","title":{"rendered":"Origins"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Origines-1.webp” custom_margin=”||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Origines-2.webp” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_padding=”78px||80px||false|false”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Ecotron<\/h1>\n

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Ecotron<\/h1>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”IBM Plex Sans|700|||||||” text_text_color=”#00284B” text_font_size=”48px” text_line_height=”1.2em” header_text_color=”#00284B” header_line_height=”1em” max_width_tablet=”300px” max_width_phone=”300px” max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”||10px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||10px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”300ms” text_font_size_tablet=”32px” text_font_size_phone=”32px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” module_alignment_tablet=”left” module_alignment_phone=”center” module_alignment_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Ecotron<\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

ORIGINS<\/p>\n

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ORIGINS<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”satoshi complete||||||||” text_text_color=”#6941EB” text_font_size=”22px” custom_margin_tablet=”||20px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”6px||||false|false” animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”300ms” text_font_size_tablet=”20px” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”0.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

ORIGINS<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.03)” background_image=”https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/trames_cnrs_gris_3.webp” background_blend=”multiply” custom_padding=”57px|||||” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” width=”90%” custom_padding=”||6px|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_css_main_element_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_main_element_phone=”display:flex;||flex-wrap:wrap;||justify-content:center;”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

<\/span>THE PHYLOGENY<\/span> OF ECOTRONS<\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/span>THE PHYLOGENY<\/span> OF ECOTRONS<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”IBM Plex Sans|600|||||||” text_text_color=”#00284B” text_font_size=”30px” text_letter_spacing=”3px” custom_margin=”||9px||false|false” text_font_size_tablet=”28px” text_font_size_phone=”24px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”1.1em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” inline_fonts=”IBM Plex Sans Condensed” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

THE PHYLOGENY<\/span> OF ECOTRONS<\/h2>\n

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PHYTOTRON 1949<\/p>\n

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Pasadena<\/p>\n

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CLIMATRON 1960<\/p>\n

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Saint-Louis<\/p>\n

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ECOTRON PROJECT<\/p>\n

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60’s Montpellier<\/p>\n

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ECOTRON 1992<\/p>\n

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Silwood Park<\/p>\n

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ECOCELLS 1996<\/p>\n

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Reno<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_6″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”10px|10px|40px|10px|false|true” link_option_url=”#” border_radii=”on|12px|12px|12px|12px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ global_colors_info=”{}” background__hover_enabled=”on|hover” background_color__hover=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” background_enable_color__hover=”on”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ecotron-2010-montpellier-copie.webp” title_text=”ecotron-2010-montpellier copie” _builder_version=”4.26.0″ _module_preset=”default” border_radii=”on|12px|12px|12px|12px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.26.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”IBM Plex sans|700|||||||” text_text_color=”#00284B” text_font_size=”18px” text_letter_spacing=”2px” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

ECOTRON 2010<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.26.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Montpellier<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span>ORIGIN<\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/span><\/span>ORIGIN<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”IBM Plex Sans|600|||||||” text_text_color=”#00284B” text_font_size=”30px” text_letter_spacing=”3px” custom_margin=”||9px||false|false” text_font_size_tablet=”28px” text_font_size_phone=”24px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_line_height_tablet=”0.2em” text_line_height_phone=”1.1em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|desktop” inline_fonts=”IBM Plex Sans Condensed” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

ORIGIN<\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”|1px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_toggle title=”Term %22Phytotron%22″ open_toggle_text_color=”#6941EB” icon_color=”#6941EB” toggle_icon=”"||divi||400″ use_icon_font_size=”on” icon_font_size=”28px” open_icon_color=”#6941EB” open_toggle_icon=”M||divi||400″ open_use_icon_font_size=”on” open_icon_font_size=”28px” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#6941EB” title_font=”satoshi complete||||||||” title_font_size=”20px” background_color=”#EBF0F5″ border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” border_width_all=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The term “Phytotron<\/strong>” originated during a discussion among biologists in Pasadena. It was coined by analogy with the term “cyclotron<\/strong>,” the large instrument built for physicists in 1941 at Berkeley. The term was first used at the inauguration of the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory, designed by F. Went, to emphasize the parallels between instruments for biologists and physicists\u2014equally expensive and equally vital for society.
Several phytotrons were subsequently built around the world in the early 1960s:<\/p>\n

in France (Gif-sur Yvette, 1961),
in Australie (Canberra, 1962),
in the Etats-Unis (Duke University 1968), etc.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”Le terme %22Ecotron%22″ open_toggle_text_color=”#6941EB” icon_color=”#6941EB” toggle_icon=”"||divi||400″ use_icon_font_size=”on” icon_font_size=”28px” open_icon_color=”#6941EB” open_toggle_icon=”M||divi||400″ open_use_icon_font_size=”on” open_icon_font_size=”28px” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#6941EB” title_font=”satoshi complete||||||||” title_font_size=”20px” background_color=”#EBF0F5″ border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” border_width_all=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Le terme \u00ab Ecotron \u00bb<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Institut Botanique de Montpellier \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 50, par son directeur Louis Emberger, pour d\u00e9crire un projet d\u2019\u00e9tude sur l\u2019\u00e9cophysiologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale. Un article paru dans le Bulletin de l\u2019UNESCO de septembre 1960<\/a> pr\u00e9sente le projet.
Mais c\u2019est \u00e0 partir de 1963 que le premier projet d\u2019un Ecotron est soumis \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier par Frode Eckardt (CNRS).
F. Eckardt a travaill\u00e9 entre 1956 et 1957 avec Fritz Went dans son nouveau Phytotron \u00e0 Pasadena. De retour en France et certainement inspir\u00e9 par cette impressionnante installation, F. Eckardt avait l\u2019ambition de d\u00e9velopper une installation similaire mais consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des r\u00e9ponses des plantes et \u00e0 leur adaptation \u00e0 l\u2019environnement. <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_toggle title=”In the late 1950s” open_toggle_text_color=”#6941EB” icon_color=”#6941EB” toggle_icon=”"||divi||400″ use_icon_font_size=”on” icon_font_size=”28px” open_icon_color=”#6941EB” open_toggle_icon=”M||divi||400″ open_use_icon_font_size=”on” open_icon_font_size=”28px” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#6941EB” title_font=”satoshi complete||||||||” title_font_size=”20px” background_color=”#EBF0F5″ border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” border_width_all=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

In the late 1950s, F. Went moved to St. Louis (Missouri), where he built the Climatron, a large air-conditioned greenhouse designed to showcase ecosystems from around the world. Various climates\u2014from the Amazon to the cool highlands of India\u2014were recreated without physical partitioning of the space. Later, F. Went relocated to Reno (Nevada) to contribute to the development of the Desert Research Institute. His successors, Tim Ball and later Jay Arnone, developed the Ecocells in the 1990s, which operate on principles and analytical methods similar to those of an Ecotron. <\/p>\n

F. Eckardt did not succeed in building his Ecotron, but he became a leading international figure in the development of plant ecophysiology methods, particularly the measurement of ecosystem gas exchanges in controlled environments. This was the core activity of Bernard Saugier and Andr\u00e9 Berger from the ecophysiology laboratory of the CNRS Centre for Phytosociological and Ecological Studies (now the Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology). Jacques Roy was their student, then their colleague. He managed various facilities, always in the same field, and was entrusted with the construction of the Montpellier Ecotron in 1999. <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=”The scientific need for experimental facilities” open_toggle_text_color=”#6941EB” icon_color=”#6941EB” toggle_icon=”"||divi||400″ use_icon_font_size=”on” icon_font_size=”28px” open_icon_color=”#6941EB” open_toggle_icon=”M||divi||400″ open_use_icon_font_size=”on” open_icon_font_size=”28px” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#6941EB” title_font=”satoshi complete||||||||” title_font_size=”20px” background_color=”#EBF0F5″ border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” border_width_all=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Regardless of these two lineages of ecotrons (see diagram below), John Lawton of Imperial College Silwood Park built an Ecotron in the early 90s.<\/p>\n

Community ecologist John Lawton focused on studying the role of biodiversity in ecosystems. The Silwood Park Ecotron produced numerous publications. Due to reduced funding leading to declining equipment performance, the facility was forced to close in 2013.
The scientific need for controlled-environment experimental facilities remains strong. Extensive growth chamber systems exist in most major universities and agronomic institutes, such as the Duke University Phytotron, Rothamsted\u2019s controlled environment and glasshouse facilities, and the New Zealand Biotron.
Since the construction of the Montpellier Ecotron (2009), other infrastructures based on this principle have emerged: <\/p>\n

The Leipzig iDiv Ecotron project in Germany The Ecotron projects at Hasselt University and Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech in Belgium<\/p>\n

In France, the CNRS developed a complementary facility to the Montpellier Ecotron: the \u00cele-de-France Ecotron, which includes the capability to conduct experiments on aquatic ecosystems.<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin_tablet=”||||true|false” custom_margin_phone=”||||true|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding=”||||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_3,1_3″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#4c2191″ background_image=”https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/TRAMES_CNRS_COULEURS_1-gouvernance-cta-copie.webp” background_blend=”overlay” width=”90%” custom_padding=”90px|4%|90px|4%|true|true” custom_padding_tablet=”60px||60px||true|true” custom_padding_phone=”60px||60px||true|true” filter_opacity=”72%” custom_css_main_element=”display:flex;||align-items:center;” border_radii=”on|12px|12px|12px|12px” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_css_main_element_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_main_element_tablet=”display:flex;||flex-wrap:wrap;” custom_css_main_element_phone=”display:flex;||flex-wrap:wrap;”][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Would you like more information about our current projects?<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Would you like more information about our current projects?<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”satoshi complete|600|||||||” text_text_color=”#FFFFFF” text_font_size=”30px” text_letter_spacing=”3px” text_line_height=”1.2em” custom_padding=”||||false|true” custom_padding_tablet=”|20px||20px|false|true” custom_padding_phone=”|20px||20px|false|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|tablet” text_font_size_tablet=”28px” text_font_size_phone=”24px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Would you like more information about our current projects?<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

MACROCOSMS, MESOCOSMS, MICROCOSMS, ISOFLUX<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

MACROCOSMS, MESOCOSMS, MICROCOSMS, ISOFLUX<\/p>\n

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MACROCOSMS, MESOCOSMS, MICROCOSMS, ISOFLUX<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”\/our-projects” button_text=”See our projects” button_alignment=”center” button_text_tablet=”See our projects” button_text_phone=”See our projects” button_text_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” button_text_size=”20px” button_text_color=”#6941EB” button_bg_color=”#FFFFFF” button_border_width=”0px” button_font=”satoshi complete||||||||” button_use_icon=”off” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”14px|27px|14px|27px|true|true” hover_enabled=”0″ button_text_size_tablet=”16px” button_text_size_phone=”16px” global_colors_info=”{}” button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_bg_color__hover=”rgba(255,255,255,0.8)” button_bg_enable_color__hover=”on” button_text_size__hover=”24px” url_new_window=”on” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

EcotronORIGINSTHE PHYLOGENY OF ECOTRONSPHYTOTRON 1949PasadenaCLIMATRON 1960Saint-LouisECOTRON PROJECT60’s MontpellierECOTRON 1992Silwood ParkECOCELLS 1996RenoECOTRON 2010MontpellierORIGINThe term “Phytotron” originated during a discussion among biologists in Pasadena. It was coined by analogy with the term “cyclotron,” the large instrument built for physicists in 1941 at Berkeley. The term was first used at the inauguration of the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-33033","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33033"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33033\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecotron.cnrs.dev-djaka.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}